Lesson 10: GPIO Ports and Configurations

The microprocessors access their I/O (Input/Output) devices either by special I/O instructions that read and write to peripherals located in a separate I/O address space, called "Port Mapped I/O, PMIO", or using the instructions that are provided to access memory, called "Memory-mapped I/O, MMIO". ARM based processors use memory-mapped I/O. The I/O ports share the same address space with memory. That means the software can access an I/O port simply by reading from or writing to the appropriate address, and these addresses are usually called "Registers". Most of I/O ports can be configured into different I/O functions through the registers, you can find the detailed information about I/O Registers from the microprocessor's datasheet.

Even the accessing I/O register "look" like reads and writes to memory variables, but there still have some difference between the memory and I/O Registers. For example, some bits in the Register are read-only and some are write-only; some bits can only be cleared or set; some bits cannot be modified and some are reserved for future used.

General-Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)

GPIO is a generic pin on a microcontroller and is controllable by the program at run time. GPIO pins have no predefined purpose, and can be operated as parallel interface, it allows microcontroller to exchange digital information with the external devices. For example, GPIO can be used for reading from temperature sensor, and for writing output to LCD module or LEDs for status.

GPIO pins have following capabilities:

GPIO pins can be configured to be input or output
GPIO pins can be enabled or disabled
Input values are readable( typically logic high or low)
Output values are writable and can be read-back
Input pin can be used to trigger the interrupt function

Instead of directly configuring and controlling each individual GPIO pin, we set up a group of GPIO pins (typically 8 GPIO pins) into a PORT. Through the PORT registers, we can control and access multiple GPIO pins at a time.

Texas Instruments Tiva TM4C I/O Ports

The GPIO on the Tiva TM4C family is extremely flexible. Any GPIO can be configured to different functions: it can be an interrupt, edge-triggered on rising, falling, or both; or it can be level-sensitive to high or low values.

Tiva C microcontroller is a low power ARM Cortex-M4 microprocessor and run typically at 3.3V, so the logic levels of I/O pins are 3.3V. The drive strength of outputs of the GPIO are programmable to be 2, 4, or 8 milliamps. All GPIO pins have programmable weak pull-up, pull-down, and open drain modes.

Never exceed input logic high voltage of any pin beyond V_DD limit unless you are sure that the source will not exceed the limit voltage.
Don't use negative input voltages with any pin. Be sure of polarity.
Don't stress any GPIO pin beyond 10 ~ 15mA, although the max limit is 25mA. Use external switching devices like FETs, BJTs and photo-isolators to drive high power loads.

GPIO Addressing Masking

GPIO Address masking is a somewhat unusual technique for programming the GPIO port pins. Each GPIO port has a base address, if you write an 8-bit value directly to this base address and all eight pins will be modified. If you just want to modify specific bits of this port, you would have to read the value on the port pins, change the specific bits, and then write the value back out to the port. This is called a read-modify-write operation and it's fraught with issues. For instance, if an interrupt changed at pin state in the middle of this process, your code would write the wrong value to the pin.

On the Tiva TM4C parts, you can use a bit-mask to indicate which bits are to be modified. This is done in hardware by mapping each GPIO port to 256 addresses, which can cover every possible combination of the port pins. Bits [9:2] of the address are used as the bit-mask.

For example, if we want to modify the value on GPIO Port D pin 1, 2 and 5 only, the bit-mask in this case is (0010 0110)₂ in binary number (bit 1, 2, and 5 are set to "1", other bits are set to "0"). Then convert the vale to a bit-mask address by shifting the bit-mask value to left by 2-bits. It will be (00 1001 1000)₂ in binary. You can use a bit-mask to indicate which bits are to be modified and if you look in the diagram:

GPIOAddressMasking

EK-TM4C123GXL LaunchPad

GPIO Ports

EK TM4C123GXL s

The microcontroller on the EK-TM4C123GXL LaunchPad is TM4C123GH6PM. The TM4C123GH6PM GPIO module is comprised of six physical GPIO blocks, each corresponding to an individual GPIO port (Port A, Port B, Port C, Port D, Port E, and Port F).

TM4C123G Architecture Figure 1: I/O Port Pins for the TM4C123GH6PM (From: http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~valvano/Volume1/E-Book/C6_MicrocontrollerPorts.htm)

Port A ~ Port D have 8-pin I/O on each port; Port E has 6-pins, and Port F has 5-pins.

On the TM4C123G LaunchPad, all inputs of the GPIO are 5V tolerant, except a few GPIOs (PB0, PB1, and PD5). The 5V tolerant feature of Tiva C MCUs come to aid, allowing us to use legacy external interfaces and devices like sensors, external modules, legacy microcontrollers, etc. without the need of additional logic level translator circuits. Though most pins are 5V tolerant, it doesn't necessarily mean that the logic level is based on 5V TTL logic level. The logic level voltage limits are still realized with respect to V_DD, 3.3V.

On the TM4C123G microcontrollers, the GPIO Ports can be connected to either the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB) or the Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB). After reset, the GPIO Ports are connected to the legacy APB bus, and through the APB memory aperture. Each GPIO Port can be individually configured to use AHB or APB through the "Register 9: GPIO High-Performance Bus Control (GPIOHBCTL), offset 0x06C". The AHB bus provides better back-to-back access performance than the APB bus.

Table 1: GPIO Port's Base Address

	APB Bus		AHB Bus
GPIO Port	Base Address	Range	Base Address	Range
Port A	0x4000.4000	0x4000.4000 ~ 0x4000.4FFF	0x4005.8000	0x4005.8000 ~ 0x4005.8FFF
Port B	0x4000.5000	0x4000.5000 ~ 0x4000.5FFF	0x4005.9000	0x4005.9000 ~ 0x4005.9FFF
Port C	0x4000.6000	0x4000.6000 ~ 0x4000.6FFF	0x4005.A000	0x4005.A000 ~ 0x4005.AFFF
Port D	0x4000.7000	0x4000.7000 ~ 0x4000.7FFF	0x4005.B000	0x4005.B000 ~ 0x4005.BFFF
Port E	0x4002.4000	0x4002.4000 ~ 0x4002.4FFF	0x4005.C000	0x4005.C000 ~ 0x4005.CFFF
Port F	0x4002.5000	0x4002.5000 ~ 0x4002.5FFF	0x4005.D000	0x4005.D000 ~ 0x4005.DFFF

Each GPIO Port has 4KB of memory space, because each GPIO Port has a large number of special function registers associated with it, and the GPIO Data Register supports bit-specific addressing to allows single instruction to access from 1-bit to 8-bits data in the memory map.

Registers

The GPIO Ports must be initialized before used. The basic steps to configure the required PORTn pins to GPIO are given below:

Enabled the clock to the GPIO Port by setting the corresponding bit in SYSCTL_RCGCGPIO_R register. Then, wait for GPIO clock ready by check the SYSCTL_PRGPIO register.
Unlock the port by writing 0x4C4F434B to GPIO_PORTn_LOCK_R register. The step is needed only for PORTC[3:0], PORTD[7], and PORTF[0] on TM4C123G. The only needing unlocking on the TM4C1294 is PORTD[7]. After unlock the port, the appropriate bits of the GPIO Commit register (GPIO_PORTn_CR_R) needs be set.
Disable the analog function of the pin in the Analog Mode Select register (GPIO_PORTn_AMSEL_R), because we want to use the pin for digital I/O. If this pin is connected to the ADC or analog comparator, its corresponding bit in GPIO_PORTn_AMSEL_R must be set as 1. If this pin is used as digital I/O, its corresponding bit must be set as 0.
Clear bits in the port control register (GPIO_PORTn_PCTL_R) to select regular digital function. Each GPIO pin needs 4-bit in its corresponding GPIO_PORTn_PCTL_R register. Not every pin can be configured to every alternative function.
Clear bits in the Alternate Function Select register (GPIO_PORTn_AFSEL). If an alternate pin is chosen for a bit, then PMCn field must be programmed in the GPIO_PORTn_PCTL_R register for the specific peripheral required.
Set the direction of the GPIO port pins by programming the GPIO_PORTn_DIR_R register. A bit in GPIO_PORTn_DIR_R set to 0 means input and 1 means output.
Program each pad in the port to have either pull-up, pull-down, or open drain functionality through the GPIO_PORTn_PUR_R, GPIO_PORTn_PDR_R, GPIO_PORTn_ODR_R register.
To enable GPIO pins as digital I/Os, set the appropriate DEN bit in the Digital Enable register (GPIO_PORTn_DEN_R).

First step must be turning on the clock, and other steps can occur in any order.

After a RESET, the default state is to disable analog function and disable alternate function. Therefore, the steps 3, 4, and 6 can be skipped.

Address	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0	Name
$400F.E108	--	--	GPIOF	GPIOE	GPIOD	GPIOC	GPIOB	GPIOA	SYSCTL_RCGCGPIO_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $3FC	DATA	DATA	DATA	DATA	DATA	DATA	DATA	DATA	GPIO_PORTn_DATA_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $400	DIR	DIR	DIR	DIR	DIR	DIR	DIR	DIR	GPIO_PORTn_DIR_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $420	SEL	SEL	SEL	SEL	SEL	SEL	SEL	SEL	GPIO_PORTn_AFSEL_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $50C	ODE	ODE	ODE	ODE	ODE	ODE	ODE	ODE	GPIO_PORTn_ODR_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $510	PUE	PUE	PUE	PUE	PUE	PUE	PUE	PUE	GPIO_PORTn_PUR_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $514	PDE	PDE	PDE	PDE	PDE	PDE	PDE	PDE	GPIO_PORTn_PDR_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $51C	DEN	DEN	DEN	DEN	DEN	DEN	DEN	DEN	GPIO_PORTn_DEN_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $524	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	GPIO_PORTn_CR_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $528	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	GPIO_PORTn_AMSEL_R

	31-28	27-24	23-20	19-16	15-12	11-8	7-4	3-0
PORTn Base_Addr + $52C	PMC7	PMC6	PMC5	PMC4	PMC3	PMC2	PMC1	PMC0	GPIO_PORTn_PCTL_R
PORTC Base_Addr + $520	LOCK (write 0x4C4F434B to unlock, other locks) (reads 1 if locked, 0 if unlocked)								GPIO_PORTC_LOCK_R
PORTC Base_Addr + $520	LOCK (write 0x4C4F434B to unlock, other locks) (reads 1 if locked, 0 if unlocked)								GPIO_PORTD_LOCK_R
PORTC Base_Addr + $520	LOCK (write 0x4C4F434B to unlock, other locks) (reads 1 if locked, 0 if unlocked)								GPIO_PORTF_LOCK_R

* PORTn ➤ PORTA, PORTB, PORTC, PORTD, PORTE and PORTF

On-board I/O

Two USB connectors on the board.
- Top one is an integrated In-Circuit Debug Interface (ICDI), which allows programming and debugging of the onboard TM4C microcontroller.
- Left USB allows you to develop USB applications (device or host).
Switch-selectable power sources
Select one of the two power sources
- Left-Hand DEVICE Position: powered by USB device port
- Right-Hand DEBUG Position: powered by USB debug (ICDI) port
Reset button
Two user switches (SW1 and SW2)
RGB User LED
Stackable 40-pin BoosterPack XL interface

Figure 2: Pinout for the TM4C123GXL LaunchPad

Figure 3: User Switches and RGB LED Signals

Sample Firmware Code in Assembly

Launch the Keil μVision5 on your computer and then create an new project. Copy-and-pate the the following source code into your main.s

Please download the definition ZIP file and extract it into the same project folder: TM4C123GH6PM.zip

The following source code is to turn on the onboard of switches and RGB LEDs on PORTF

;This is the first ARM Assembly language program you see in the lab
;This program template was created by Airs Lin @ 2017 California State University of Los Angeles.
;When you write your program, you could have your info at the top document block
;For Example:  Your Name, Student Number, what the program is for, and what it does etc.

            INCLUDE     TM4C123GH6PM.s

; Constant Variable Here
STACK_ADDR_123G     EQU     0x20008000
LED_R               EQU     2_00000010
LED_B               EQU     2_00000100
LED_G               EQU     2_00001000
SW1                 EQU     2_00010000
SW2                 EQU     2_00000001

            THUMB

; Vector Table Mapped to Address 0 at Reset
; Linker requires __Vectors to be exported

            AREA    RESET, DATA, READONLY
            EXPORT  __Vectors
__Vectors
            DCD     STACK_ADDR_123G         ; stack pointer value when stack is empty
            DCD     Reset_Handler           ; reset vector

            ALIGN

; The program
; Linker requires Reset_Handler

            AREA    |.text|, CODE, READONLY
            ENTRY                           ; mark first instruction to execute
            EXPORT  Reset_Handler
Reset_Handler
; This subroutine grants access to
; floating point coprocessor.
; It is called by the startup code.
            LDR     R0, =0xE000ED88
                    ; Enable CP10,CP11
            LDR     R1,[R0]
            ORR     R1,R1,#0x20
            STR     R1,[R0]
            DSB                             ; wait for store to complete
            ISB                             ;reset pipeline now the FPU is enabled

;=====================
; 1. Turn on Port F clock in SYSCTL_RCGCGPIO_R, then chcek SYSCTL_PRGPIO_R ready flag
; enable clock to GPIOF at clock gating register
            LDR     R0, =SYSCTL_RCGCGPIO_R  ; RCGC reg. addr.
            LDR     R1, [R0]
            ORR     R1, #(GPIO_PORTF)
            STR     R1, [R0]

            LDR     R0, =SYSCTL_PRGPIO_R
WAIT4GPIO   LDR     R1, [R0]
            TST     R1, #(GPIO_PORTF)
            BEQ     WAIT4GPIO

; 2. Unlock PF0 and/or PD7 for TM4C123G board
; unlock PortF
            LDR     R0, =PORT_UNLOCK_CODE
            LDR     R1, [R0]
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTF_LOCK_R
            STR     R1, [R0]
            NOP
            NOP

            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTF_CR_R    ; Enable Commit for PF0
            LDR     R1, [R0]
            ORR     R1, #0x01
            STR     R1, [R0]
; 3. Clear AMSEL to disable analog
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTF_AMSEL_R
            MOV     R1, #0x00
            STR     R1, [R0]
; 4. Clear PCTL to select GPIO
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTF_PCTL_R
            MOV     R1, #0x0000
            STR     R1, [R0]
; 5. Clear AFSEL bits to 0 to select regular I/O
            LDR     R0, = GPIO_PORTF_AFSEL_R
            MOV     R1, #0x00
            STR     R1, [R0]
; 6. Set DIR to 0 for input, 1 for output
; set PORTF pin3-1 as output pins
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTF_DIR_R
            MOV     R1, #0x0E               ; pin 1, 2 and 3 are output
            STR     R1, [R0]
; 7. Set PUR bits to 1 to enable internal pull-up
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTF_PUR_R
            MOV     R1, #0x11               ; pin 0 and 4 connect with switch
            STR     R1, [R0]
; 8 Set DEN bits to 1 to enable data pins
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTF_DEN_R
            LDR     R1, [R0]
            ORR     R1, #0x1F
            STR     R1, [R0]

;;;;;;;;;; Your Main Code Starts from the next line ;;;;;;;;;;;;



DeadLoop    B       DeadLoop                ; Infinite loop to end program

; The constant variable area
; The value will be stored on ROM segment
            AREA    ConstantVariables, DATA, READONLY
PORT_UNLOCK_CODE    DCD 0x4C4F434B


; The variables area
; The variables will be assigned to RAM area
            AREA    Variables, DATA, READWRITE

            END     ; End of the program

Keic C Sample Firmware Code

The following source code is to turn on the onboard RGB LEDs and switch button (SW2) on PORTF

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

#include "TM4C123GH6PM.h"

void Setup_GPIO();
void DelayMs(int s);

int main(void)
{
	Setup_GPIO();
	
    while(1){
        if ( GPIOF->DATA & 0x01 ){
            GPIOF->DATA = 0x02;
            DelayMs(1000);
            GPIOF->DATA = 0x04;
            DelayMs(1000);
            GPIOF->DATA = 0x08;
            DelayMs(1000);
        } else {
            GPIOF->DATA = 0x0E;
            DelayMs(1000);
            GPIOF->DATA = 0x00;
            DelayMs(1000);
        }
    }
}
void Setup_GPIO()
{
    // GPIO Initialization and Configuration
    // 1. Enable Clock to the GPIO Modules (SYSCTL->RCGCGPIO)
    SYSCTL->RCGCGPIO |= 0x20;
    // allow time for clock to stabilize (SYSCTL->PRGPIO)
    while((SYSCTL->PRGPIO & (0x20) ) != (0x20) ){};
    // 2. Unlock GPIO only PD7, PF0 on TM4C123G; PD7, PE7 on TM4C1294 (GPIO->LOCK and GPIO->CR)
    GPIOF->LOCK = 0x4C4F434B;
    GPIOF->CR |= 0x01;
    // 3. Set Analog Mode Select bits for each Port (GPIO->AMSEL 0=digital, 1=analog)
    GPIOF->AMSEL = 0x00;
    // 4. Set Port Control Register for each Port (GPIO->PCTL, check the PCTL table)
    GPIOF->PCTL = 0x00;
    // 5. Set Alternate Function Select bits for each Port (GPIO->AFSEL 0=regular I/O, 1=PCTL peripheral)
    GPIOF->AFSEL = 0x00;
    // 6. Set Output pins for each Port (Direction of the Pins: GPIO->DIR 0=input, 1=output)
    GPIOF->DIR = 0x0E; // PF3,PF2,PF1 for Output
    // 7. Set PUR bits for internal pull-up, PDR for pull-down reg, ODR for open drain (0: disable, 1=enable)
    GPIOF->PUR = 0x01;
    // 8. Set Digital ENable register on all GPIO pins (GPIO->DEN 0=disable, 1=enable)
    GPIOF->DEN = 0x0F; // Enable all digital pins on PortF (PF3,PF2,PF1,PF0)
}
void DelayMs(int s)
{
    volatile int i, j;
    for (i = 0; i < s; i++)
        for (j = 0; j < 3180; j++)
            {};
}

EK-TM4C1294XL LaunchPad

GPIO Ports

TM4C1294XL s

The microcontroller on the EK-TM4C1294XL LaunchPad is TM4C1294NCPDT. The TM4C1294NCPDT GPIO module is comprised of fifteen physical GPIO blocks, each corresponding to an individual GPIO port (Port A, Port B, Port C, Port D, Port E, Port F, PORTG, PORTH, PORTJ, PORTK, PORTL, PORTM, PORTN, PORTP, and PORTQ).

On the TM4C1294 microcontroller, the the Advanced High-Performance Bus (AHB) is now the default connections. The movement from APB to AHB reduces the clock latency so you would be getting better performance for direct GPIO. The base address for each GPIO Ports as shown in Table 2.

Table 2: GPIO Port's Base Address

	APB		AHB Bus
GPIO Port	Base Address	Range	Base Address	Range
Port A			0x4005.8000	0x4005.8000 ~ 0x4005.8FFF
Port B			0x4005.9000	0x4005.9000 ~ 0x4005.9FFF
Port C			0x4005.A000	0x4005.A000 ~ 0x4005.AFFF
Port D			0x4005.B000	0x4005.B000 ~ 0x4005.BFFF
Port E			0x4005.C000	0x4005.C000 ~ 0x4005.CFFF
Port F			0x4005.D000	0x4005.D000 ~ 0x4005.DFFF
Port G			0x4005.E000	0x4005.E000 ~ 0x4005.EFFF
Port H			0x4005.F000	0x4005.F000 ~ 0x4005.FFFF
Port J			0x4006.0000	0x4006.0000 ~ 0x4006.0FFF
Port K	0x4006.1000			0x4006.1000 ~ 0x4006.1FFF
Port L	0x4006.2000			0x4006.2000 ~ 0x4006.2FFF
Port M	0x4006.3000			0x4006.3000 ~ 0x4006.3FFF
Port N	0x4006.4000			0x4006.4000 ~ 0x4006.4FFF
Port P	0x4006.5000			0x4006.5000 ~ 0x4006.5FFF
Port Q	0x4006.6000			0x4006,6000 ~ 0x4006.6FFF

Registers

The GPIO Ports must be initialized before used. The basic steps to configure the required PORTn pins to GPIO are given below:

Enabled the clock to the GPIO Port by setting the corresponding bit in SYSCTL_RCGCGPIO_R register. Then, wait for GPIO clock ready by check the SYSCTL_PRGPIO register
Unlock the port by writing 0x4C4F434B to GPIO_PORTn_AHB_LOCK_R register. The step is needed only for PORTD[7], and PORTF[0] on TM4C123G. The only needing unlocking on the TM4C1294 is PORTD[7]. After unlock the port, the appropriate bits of the GPIO Commit register (GPIO_PORTn_AHB_CR_R) needs be set.
Disable the analog function of the pin in the Analog Mode Select register (GPIO_PORTn_AHB_AMSEL_R), because we want to use the pin for digital I/O. If this pin is connected to the ADC or analog comparator, its corresponding bit in GPIO_PORTn_AHB_AMSEL_R must be set as 1. If this pin is used as digital I/O, its corresponding bit must be set as 0.
Clear bits in the port control register (GPIO_PORTn_AHB_PCTL_R) to select regular digital function. Each GPIO pin needs 4-bit in its corresponding GPIO_PORTn_AHB_PCTL_R register. Not every pin can be configured to every alternative function.
Clear bits in the Alternate Function Select register (GPIO_PORTn_AHB_AFSEL_R). If an alternate pin is chosen for a bit, then PMCn field must be programmed in the GPIO_PORTn_AHB_PCTL_R register for the specific peripheral required.
Set the direction of the GPIO port pins by programming the GPIO_PORTn_AHB_DIR_R register. A bit in GPIO_PORTn_AHB_DIR_R set to 0 means input and 1 means output.
Program each pad in the port to have either pull-up, pull-down, or open drain functionality through the GPIO_PORTn_AHB_PUR_R, GPIO_PORTn_AHB_PDR_R, GPIO_PORTn_AHB_ODR_R register.
To enable GPIO pins as digital I/Os, set the appropriate DEN bit in the Digital Enable register (GPIO_PORTn_AHB_DEN_R).

asfdasdasd

First step must be turning on the clock, and othe steps can occur in any order.

After a RESET, the default state is to disable analog function and disable alternate function. Therefore, the steps 3, 4, and 6 can be skipped.

Address	bit-Field								Name
$400F.E108	15	14	13	12	11	10	9	8	SYSCTL_RCGCGPIO_R
	---	GPIOQ	GPIOP	GPION	GPIOM	GPIOL	GPIOK	GPIOJ
	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
	GPIOH	GPIOG	GPIOF	GPIOE	GPIOD	GPIOC	GPIOB	GPIOA
	7	6	5	4	3	2	1	0
PORTn Base_Addr + $3FC	DATA	DATA	DATA	DATA	DATA	DATA	DATA	DATA	GPIO_PORTn_AHB_DATA_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $400	DIR	DIR	DIR	DIR	DIR	DIR	DIR	DIR	GPIO_PORTn_AHB_DIR_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $420	SEL	SEL	SEL	SEL	SEL	SEL	SEL	SEL	GPIO_PORTn_AHB_AFSEL_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $50C	ODE	ODE	ODE	ODE	ODE	ODE	ODE	ODE	GPIO_PORTn_AHB_ODR_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $510	PUE	PUE	PUE	PUE	PUE	PUE	PUE	PUE	GPIO_PORTn_AHB_PUR_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $514	PDE	PDE	PDE	PDE	PDE	PDE	PDE	PDE	GPIO_PORTn_AHB_PDR_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $51C	DEN	DEN	DEN	DEN	DEN	DEN	DEN	DEN	GPIO_PORTn_AHB_DEN_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $524	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	GPIO_PORTn_AHB_CR_R
PORTn Base_Addr + $528	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	GPIO_PORTn_AHB_AMSEL_R
	15-14	13-12	11-10	9-8	7-6	5-4	3-2	1-0
PORTn Base_Addr + $FC4	EDM7	EDM6	EDM5	EDM4	EDM3	EDM2	EDM1	EDM0	GPIO_PORTn_AHB_PC_R

	31-28	27-24	23-20	19-16	15-12	11-8	7-4	3-0
PORTn Base_Addr + $52C	PMC7	PMC6	PMC5	PMC4	PMC3	PMC2	PMC1	PMC0	GPIO_PORTn_AHB_PCTL_R
PORTD Base_Addr + $520	LOCK (write 0x4C4F434B to unlock, other locks) (reads 1 if locked, 0 if unlocked)								GPIO_PORTD_AHB_LOCK_R

* PORTn ➤ PORTA, PORTB, PORTC, PORTD, PORTE, PORTF, PORTG, PORTH, PORTJ, PORTK, PORTL, PORTM, PORTN, PORTP, and PORTQ

Sample Firmware Code in Assembly

Launch the Keil μVision5 on your computer and then create an new project. Copy-and-pate the the following source code into your main.s

Please download the definition ZIP file and extract it into the same project folder: TM4C1294NCPDTI.zip

The following source code is to turn on the onboard of switches and LEDs on PORTF, PORTN, and PORTJ

;This is the first ARM Assembly language program you see in the lab
;This program template was created by Airs Lin @ 2017 California State University of Los Angeles.
;When you write your program, you could have your info at the top document block
;For Example:  Your Name, Student Number, what the program is for, and what it does etc.

           INCLUDE     TM4C1294NCPDT.s
; Constant Variable Here
STACK_ADDR_123G     EQU     0x20008000
LED1_N              EQU     2_00000010
LED2_N              EQU     2_00000001
LED3_F              EQU     2_00010000
LED4_F              EQU     2_00000001
SW1_J               EQU     2_00000001
SW2_J               EQU     2_00000010

            THUMB

; Vector Table Mapped to Address 0 at Reset
; Linker requires __Vectors to be exported

            AREA    RESET, DATA, READONLY
            EXPORT  __Vectors
__Vectors
            DCD     STACK_ADDR_123G         ; stack pointer value when stack is empty
            DCD     Reset_Handler           ; reset vector

            ALIGN

; The program
; Linker requires Reset_Handler

            AREA    |.text|, CODE, READONLY
            ENTRY                           ; mark first instruction to execute
            EXPORT Reset_Handler
Reset_Handler
; This subroutine grants access to
; floating point coprocessor.
; It is called by the startup code.
            LDR     R0, =0xE000ED88
                    ; Enable CP10,CP11
            LDR     R1,[R0]
            ORR     R1,R1,#0x20
            STR     R1,[R0]
            DSB                             ; wait for store to complete
            ISB                             ;reset pipeline now the FPU is enabled

;=====================
; 1. Turn on Port F clock in SYSCTL_RCGCGPIO_R, tehn check SYSCTL_PRGPIO
; enable clock to GPIOF at clock gating register
            LDR     R0, =SYSCTL_RCGCGPIO_R  ; RCGC reg. addr.
            MOV     R1, #(GPIO_PORTF :OR: GPIO_PORTJ :OR: GPIO_PORTN)
            STR     R1, [R0]

            LDR     R0, =SYSCTL_PRGPIO_R
Wait4GPIO   LDR     R1, [R0]
            TST     R1, #(GPIO_PORTF :OR: GPIO_PORTJ :OR: GPIO_PORTN)
            BEQ     Wait4GPIO

; 2. Unlock PD7 only

; 3. Clear AMSEL to disable analog
            MOV     R1, #0x00
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTF_AHB_AMSEL_R
            STR     R1, [R0]
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTJ_AHB_AMSEL_R
            STR     R1, [R0]
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTN_AHB_AMSEL_R
            STR     R1, [R0]

; 4. Clear PCTL to select GPIO
            MOV     R1, #0x0000
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTF_AHB_PCTL_R
            STR     R1, [R0]
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTJ_AHB_PCTL_R
            STR     R1, [R0]
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTN_AHB_PCTL_R
            STR     R1, [R0]
; 5. Clear AFSEL bits to 0 to select regular I/O
            MOV     R1, #0x00
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTF_AHB_AFSEL_R
            STR     R1, [R0]
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTN_AHB_AFSEL_R
            STR     R1, [R0]
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTJ_AHB_AFSEL_R
            STR     R1, [R0]
; 6. Set DIR to 0 for input, 1 for output
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTF_AHB_DIR_R
            MOV     R1, #(BIT4 :OR: BIT0)   ; PF4 & PF0 to LED
            STR     R1, [R0]
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTN_AHB_DIR_R
            MOV     R1, #(BIT1 :OR: BIT0)   ; PN1 & PN0 to LED
            STR     R1, [R0]
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTJ_AHB_DIR_R
            MOV     R1, #0x00               ; PJ1 & PJ0 to Switch
            STR     R1, [R0]
; 7. Set PUR bits to 1 to enable internal pull-up
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTJ_AHB_PUR_R
            MOV     R1, #(BIT1 :OR: BIT0)
            STR     R1, [R0]
; 8 Set DEN bits to 1 to enable data pins
            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTF_AHB_DEN_R
            LDR     R1, [R0]
            ORR     R1, #0x11
            STR     R1, [R0]

            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTN_AHB_DEN_R
            LDR     R1, [R0]
            ORR     R1, #0x03
            STR     R1, [R0]

            LDR     R0, =GPIO_PORTJ_AHB_DEN_R
            LDR     R1, [R0]
            ORR     R1, #0x03
            STR     R1, [R0]

;;;;;;;;;; Your Main Code Starts from the next line ;;;;;;;;;;;;


DeadLoop    B       DeadLoop                ; Infinite loop to end program

; The constant variable area
; The value will be stored on ROM segment
            AREA    ConstantVariables, DATA, READONLY
PORT_UNLOCK_CODE    DCD 0x4C4F434B


; The variables area
; The variables will be assigned to RAM area
            AREA    Variables, DATA, READWRITE

            END     ; End of the program

Sample Firmware Code for Keil C

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

#include "TM4C1294NCPDT.h"

void Setup_GPIO();
void DelayMs(int s);

int main(void)
{
	Setup_GPIO();
	
    while(1){
        GPIOF_AHB->DATA = 0x01;
        DelayMs(1000);
        GPIOF_AHB->DATA = 0x10;
        DelayMs(1000);
        GPIOF_AHB->DATA = 0x00;
        GPION->DATA = 0x01;
        DelayMs(1000);
        GPION->DATA = 0x02;
        DelayMs(1000);
        GPION->DATA = 0x00;
    }
}
void Setup_GPIO()
{
    // GPIO Initialization and Configuration
    // 1. Enable Clock to the GPIO Modules (SYSCTL->RCGCGPIO)
    SYSCTL->RCGCGPIO |= 0x1020;
    // allow time for clock to stabilize (SYSCTL->PRGPIO)
    while((SYSCTL->PRGPIO & (0x1020) ) != (0x1020) ){};
    // 2. Unlock GPIO only PD7, PF0 on TM4C123G; PD7, PE7 on TM4C1294 (GPIO->LOCK and GPIO->CR)
    // 3. Set Analog Mode Select bits for each Port (GPIO->AMSEL 0=digital, 1=analog)
    GPIOF_AHB->AMSEL = 0x00;
    GPION->AMSEL     = 0x00;
    // 4. Set Port Control Register for each Port (GPIO->PCTL, check the PCTL table)
    GPIOF_AHB->PCTL  = 0x00;
    GPION->PCTL      = 0x00;
    // 5. Set Alternate Function Select bits for each Port (GPIO->AFSEL 0=regular I/O, 1=PCTL peripheral)
    GPIOF_AHB->AFSEL = 0x00;
    GPION->AFSEL     = 0x00;
    // 6. Set Output pins for each Port (Direction of the Pins: GPIO->DIR 0=input, 1=output)
    GPIOF_AHB->DIR   = 0x11; // PF4,PF0 for Output
    GPION->DIR       = 0x03;
    // 7. Set PUR bits for internal pull-up, PDR for pull-down reg, ODR for open drain (0: disable, 1=enable)
    // 8. Set Digital ENable register on all GPIO pins (GPIO->DEN 0=disable, 1=enable)
    GPIOF_AHB->DEN   = 0x11; // Enable all digital pins on PortF (PF4, PF0)
    GPION->DEN       = 0x03; // Enable all digital pins on PortN (PN1, PN0)
}
void DelayMs(int s)
{
    volatile int i, j;
    for (i = 0; i < s; i++)
        for (j = 0; j < 3180; j++){};
}